In the 1960s, geometric abstraction in the United States embraced a trend toward monumental formats. Artists favored clear geometric shapes, sharp outlines, and vibrant colors. This style, known as Hard Edge, was characterized by a cool, matter-of-fact approach that contrasted with the expressive painting dominating the New York art scene the preceding decade. The movement was influenced by earlier geometric abstraction, which many artists encountered through interactions with European modernist

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