Knowledge of the structure of Internet Protocol (IP) packets is a fundamental part of understanding the Internet and how information moves from one point to another. The benefits of such knowledge ...

According to the OSI Model, the session layer is where connections are established, managed, and torn down. For connection-oriented network protocols, understanding how the session layer works, and ...

Listen carefully. The top level of the OSI Reference Model and the IETF protocol stack is the application layer. The application layer, however, doesn’t do applications. It provides services such as ...

All industrial protocols can benefit directly from the TSN mechanisms that are defined at layer 2 of the OSI reference model. Source: Hirschmann Automation & Control In the past two years, Time ...

Technology people are generally familiar with the Open Systems Interconnection model for computer networks and protocols, often referred to as the OSI Reference Model (ISO 7498)[1]. The Basic ...

While Time-Sensitive Networking technology can deterministically move data from one place to another via Ethernet, it’s the industrial Ethernet protocols that address specific application requirements ...