Structural economic models, while parsimonious and interpretable, often exhibit poor data fit and limited forecasting performance. Machine learning models, by contrast, offer substantial flexibility ...

Urban size distribution and economic dynamics represent a rich field of inquiry that bridges the theoretical and empirical study of urban systems. Traditionally, models such as Zipf’s law, Pareto ...

Learn about the Black-Scholes model, how it works, and how its formula helps estimate fair option prices by weighing ...