Earth system box models are essential tools for reconstructing long-term climatic and environmental evolution and uncovering ...

Our planet has a memory. Deep within ice cores and ocean sediments lies evidence of a time when Earth looked fundamentally ...

Earth system models (ESMs) integrate the interactions of atmosphere, ocean, land, ice, and biosphere to estimate the state of regional and global climate under a wide variety of conditions. A model ...

Large climate models have been running since the 1980s, simulating our home planet’s temperature and weather systems. Science, being the iterative process that it inherently is, has improved upon the ...

Around 55 million years ago, Earth experienced one of the warmest climates in its history. This period, known as the early ...

CO2 can stimulate plant growth, but only when enough nitrogen is available—and that key ingredient has been seriously ...

A snapshot of simulated climate conditions. Blue/red shading: sea surface temperature deviations from zonal mean; gray/white shading: low clouds; green/pink shading: 10m wind speed; blue/yellow ...

Earth’s climate balance isn’t just governed by the slow weathering of silicate rocks, which capture carbon and stabilize temperature over eons. New research reveals that biological and oceanic ...

Thin, seasonal ice may have protected ancient lakes on Mars, allowing liquid water to last for decades despite cold ...

The investment opportunity isn't choosing between feeding people and reducing emissions—it's backing solutions that do both ...