The relation between an organism’s DNA sequence and its fitness is extremely complex, being mediated by gene expression, physiology, development and behaviour, all in interaction with the environment.

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract When an individual’s reproductive success relies on winning fights to secure mating opportunities, bearing larger weapons is advantageous.

The regression of offspring on midparent in a random breeding stock gives a basis for predicting the course of directional selection for only a few generations. The most typical course is a sigmoid ...